Debt ceiling increase: A temporary solution with structural questions

Rodrigo Rial's opinion

The recent government statement regarding the increase in the net borrowing limit of the Central Government for 2024 has raised a series of questions about the country's fiscal sustainability. Although the measure is legal and is supported by the safeguard clause provided in the 2020-2024 National Budget, its repeated use invites reflection:
 
Is this really an exceptional tool or are we normalizing the easy path in the face of economic imbalances?
   
The clause was already invoked in exceptional situations such as the pandemic in 2021 and the drought in 2023. Two emergencies that, without a doubt, marked a turning point. However, the current context seems less severe, which raises the legitimate question:

Why resort to this measure again?

According to the official statement, the measure responds to a drop in tax revenues equivalent to 0.7% of GDP, mainly attributed to the slowdown in inflation. While this benefits households' purchasing power, it also highlights a fiscal weakness that, if not corrected, will continue to weigh on public finances.

 
How did we get here?

When the government took office, it did so with the promise of being fiscally responsible. While in some aspects this has been fulfilled, there are areas in which the promises have not had the expected impact. Nominal public spending has remained controlled, and the fiscal rule implemented in 2020 introduced certain pillars that seemed to ensure better financial management. However, the imbalances in revenue collection reveal something we already knew: The lack of structural reforms to strengthen our economy.
   
No matter how much we insist on more efficient fiscal management, Uruguay's economic model continues to depend almost exclusively on tax collection. This should sound the alarm, since what we need is not more tax pressure, but a more robust economy, with productive sectors that are not so constrained by high taxes and operating costs.
 
   
Meanwhile, the issue of public debt remains a delicate factor. Uruguay still keeps manageable levels compared to other countries in the region, but current projections bring us dangerously close to 60% of GDP. This growing indebtedness, without structural reforms, not only limits our fiscal capacity, but also endangers the country's economic future.

 
Looking ahead: What awaits us with the inevitable change of government?
   

With Frente Amplio leading the next government, the fiscal outlook becomes more uncertain. While its government program proposes a large number of proposals, in many of these cases it resorts to increased public spending and it is not clear how all this will be financed.  The experience of its previous administrations doesn't offer much hope: they increased spending without implementing the necessary adjustments, which left us with higher debt and a more fragile economy.
 
The danger is not only the excessive increase in spending, but also the impact this would have on the country's competitiveness. With a private sector already hit by high costs, such policies could further erode investor confidence and, even worse, halt economic growth.

 
 What do we need to avoid catastrophe?

Uruguay is at a fiscal crossroads, and in order not to fall into a debt spiral, it is essential to act in three key areas:

1.  Reduce the size of the State: This is not just about cutting, but about optimizing public spending, eliminating inefficient areas and prioritizing investments that generate long-term results.

2.  Strengthen the private sector: We need a tax reform that eases the fiscal burden and, at the same time, reduces labor costs. This will encourage investment and help improve the competitiveness of productive sectors.

3.   Review the fiscal structure: We need a tax system that is not only based on collection, but also promotes economic development and generates wealth in the country.

 
Raising the borrowing limit may be a temporary solution, but it can't become a recurring practice. Every time we resort to this mechanism, we are postponing the necessary reforms to build a stronger and more sustainable economy.
 
 

A call for prudence:
 

The outgoing government must be aware of the fragility of the situation. Although it has managed public finances with relative moderation, decisions like this show that a deeper structural adjustment is still lacking. Meanwhile, the incoming administration will face a more challenging fiscal environment. It would not be prudent to continue increasing spending without considering its long-term consequences.
 
Uruguay can't afford to fall again into policies that prioritize the short term over fiscal sustainability. The responsibility of the State must focus on laying the foundations for a development model that combines fiscal austerity with economic dynamism.